The answer depends partly on how we define a university.
Ancient learning centers existed long before the modern university model. When discussing
universities, researchers may consider factors such as institutional continuity, organized academic communities, degree systems, and historical recognition.

Al-Qarawiyyin and Al-Azhar are among the earliest institutions discussed in this context, while Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Salamanca, Padua, Naples Federico II, and Siena represent important developments in European higher education.
The Campus Review provides a detailed overview of ten historic universities and their educational legacies.
https://thecampusreview.com/history-and-culture/oldest-university-in-the-world/ #OldestUniversities #UniversityHistory #HigherEducation #EducationHistory